Gr&^<^ 


yC-NRLF 


B    3    543    T3, 


QIFT 


Negro  Journalism 


An  Essay  On  The  History 

And  Present  Conditions 

Of  The  Negro  Press 


George  W.  Gore,  Jr. 


Journalism  Press 

Greencastle,  Indiana 

1922 


V 


Negro  Journalism 


An  Essay  on  the  History  and  Present 
Conditions  of  the  Negro  Press 


By 

GEORGE  W.  GORE,  JR. 

Junior  in  Course  in  Journalism 

De  Pauw  University 


Greencastle,  Indiana 
1922 

Price  35  Cents 


Copyright,   1922 
By    George    W.    Gore 


PREFACE 

This  pamphlet  does  not  pretend  to  be  a  detailed  or  scholarly 
discussion  of  the  subject.  Lack  of  experience  and  funds  have  lim- 
ited the  author  to_a  mere  outlining  or  suggesting  of  the  field.  In 
fact,  this  essay  is  only  the  expansion  of  a  term  paper  submitted 
in  fulfillment  of  a  semester  requirement  in  the  Course  in  Journal- 
ism. 

The  main  purpose  of  this  essay  is  to  show  the  various  stages  of 
development  through  which  the  Negro  press  has  evolved  with  a 
view  of  furnishing  a  background  for  the  better  understanding  of 
its  present  status.  It  is  written,  too,  to  present  the  problems  and 
inherent  possibilities  of  Negro  Journalism;  to  point  out  the  progress 
which  is  being  made  today;  and  to  suggest  future  possibilities.  If 
this  attempt,  amateur  and  incomplete  as  it  may  be,  in  any  measure 
awakens  an  interest  in  the  achievements  and  efforts  of  Negro  news- 
papers and  magazines  it  has  served  its  purpose. 

For  the  period  up  to  1890,  the  author  frequently  has  referred 
to  The  Afro-American  Press  and  Its  Editors  by  I.  Garland  Penn — a 
work  which  is  an  authority  on  the  subject  for  the  period  covered 
by  it.  A  large  part  of  the  biographical  data  and  information  on 
present  day  newspapers  was  obtained  from  the  Negro  Year  Book 
and  communications.  I  especially  wish  to  thank  those  editors  and 
publishers  who  so  kindly  gave  me  the  information  which  I  desired. 

I  am  also  very  grateful  to  The  Chicago  Defender  and  The  South- 
ern Workman  of  Hampton,  Va.,  for  the  loan  of  some  cuts. 

Especially  do  I  wish  to  acknowledge  the  valuable  assistance  and 
helpful  criticism  of  my  instructor.  Prof.  L.  E.  Mitchell,  director 
of  the  Course  in  Journalism,  in  DePauw  University. 

GEORGE  W.  GORE,  JR. 
Greencastle,  Indiana. 


CONTENTS 

I.     Preface — 
II.     Early  Attempts  (1827-1847)  — 

1.  Discussion  of  nine  pioneer  papers. 

2.  Biographic  sketches  of  their  editors. 

III.  The  Abolitionist  Press  (1847-1865)  — 

1.  Discussion  of  eleven  papers. 

2.  Biographic  sketches  of  editors. 

IV.  The  Reconstruction  Period    (or  the  Period  of  Free- 
dom) 1865-1880. 

1.     Discussion  of  principal  papers  and  their  editors. 
^ — ^         2.     Statistics  as  to  paper  published. 
Np\C  The  Transition  Period  (1880-1900)  — 

1.  Discussion  of  papers  established  that  still  exist. 

2.  The  Associated  Correspondents  of  Race  Newspapers. 

VVlT  The  Dawn  of  a  New  Era  (1900—)  — 

1.  Journalism  regarded  as  a  vocation. 

2.  Discussion    of    organization,    staffs,    circulation    and 
advertisements. 

3.  News  service  and  syndicates. 

V/Vll.     Present  Day  Newspapers- — 

1.  Discussion    of    mechanical    equipment,    news    hand- 
ling, etc.    • 

2.  Circulation  and  staffs. 

3.  Twelve  best  Negro  newspapers. 
\yill.     Daily  Negro  Newspapers^ 

1.  Early  attempts. 

2.  Daily  editions  for  special  periods. 

3.  Present  day  dailies. 

IX.     Negro  Magazines — 

1.  Precursors. 

2.  Discussions  of  the  development. 

3.  Present    day   publications — characteristics,   size,    cir- 
culation, and  aim. 

X.     Journalism  and  Negro  Schools — 

1.  High  School  and  College  papers. 

2.  College  .courses   in   Journalism — Howard,   Fisk,   and 
Wilberforce. 

3.  Training  in  printing — Tuskegee  and  Hampton. 
XI.     A  Forecast  of  the  Future — 

1.     Development,     opportunity     for     advancement,     and 
achievement. 
XII.     Appendix — List  of  Newspapers  and  Magazines  Published 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 

In  the 

United  States 


CHAPTER  I. 
EARLY  NEGRO  NEWSPAPERS 

Freedman's  Seven    years    after    Benjamin    Lundy    began 

Journal  The  Genius  of  Universal  Emancipation,  and 

four  years  before  William  Lloyd  Garrison 
started  to  publish  The  Liberator,  Negro  Journalism  in  America  was 
born.  The  first  publication  was  Freedom's  Journal',  issued  March 
16,  1827.  It  was  in  form  a  medium-sized,  neat-looking,  well-printed 
weekly,  about  nine  by  twelve  inches.  Freedom's  Journal  was  a 
thorough-going  abolitionist  sheet,  having  been  called  into  being 
to  defend  the  Negro  against  the  vile  attacks  of  a  New  York  editor 
of  Jewish  descent  who  had  pro-slavery  and  Negro-hating  tendencies. 
This  new  organ  had  for  its  motto,  "Righteousness  Exalteth  a 
Nation,"  and  its  columns  were  filled  with  long  dissertations  on  the 
immorality  of  slavery. 

John  Russwurm  The  editor,  John  Russwurm,  one  of  the  first 

First  Editor  Negroes  to   graduate   from  a  college  in  the 

United  States,  graduated  from  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege in  1826.  Russwurm  was  born  in  Jamaica  in  1799.  He  pub- 
lished The  Journal  until  1829,  when  he  went  to  Liberia,  where  he 
became  editor  of  The  Liberia  Herald. 

The  Colored  A  period  of  about  eight  years  elapsed  before 

American  the  founding  of  a  second  Negro  newspaper. 

In  Januarv,  1837,  Rev.  Samuel  Cornish  began 
the  publishing  of  The  W^eekly  Advocate.  The  name  was  changed 
in  March,  however,  to  The  Colored  American,  and  under  that  name 
it  continued  to  be  issued  weekly  until  1842.  The  first  editor.  Rev. 
Cornish,  was  one  of  the  leading  Negro  journalists  of  the  period. 
He  had  been  associated  with  Freedom's  Journal,  and  throughout  a 
period  of  twenty  years  he  was  actively  connected  with  some  news- 
paper. 

Advocated  The  subscription  price  of  The  Colored  Ameri- 

Emancipation  can  was   two   dollars   per   year   in   advance. 

Its  objects  were,   according   to   its   flag,   "the 

moral,   social   and  political   elevation   of  the   free   Colored   people; 

*March  21,  1828,  the  name  was  changed  to  Rights  of  All. 

5 

507803 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


and  the  peaceful  emancipation  of  the  enslaved."  The  paper  was 
well  received  by  the  American  press  of  the  period,  and  many 
favorable  comments  on  it  appeared  from  time  to  time. 

•  The  Elevator  The   first   two    Negro   newspapers   had   their 

headquarters    in    New    York    City,    but    their 

"  successor  was  established  in  Albany,  N.  Y.  The  Elevator  came 
into  being  in  1842,  with  Stephen  Myers  as  its  publisher.  The  paper 
was  strongly  backed  by  the  Abolitionists.  Among  its  influential 
supporters  and  backers  was  Horace  Greeley  of  The  New  York 
Tribune. 

The  National  Contemporaneous    with     The    Elevator    ap- 

Watchman  peared  The  National  W atchman  and  Clairion. 

which  was  established  in  Jroy,  N.  Y.,  in  the 
latter  part  of  1842.  Its  publisher  and  editor  was  William  G.  Allen. 
It  was  short-lived,  as  was  also  The  People^s  Press  which  was  pub-, 
lished  by  Thomas  Hamilton  in  New  York  City  the  following  year. 

The  Mystery  Following  the  lead  taken  by  the  empire  state, 

Pennsylvania  became  a  field  of  activity  for 
the  Negro  journalist.  In  1843,  The  Mystery  was  published  at 
Pittsburgh  by  Dr.  Martin  Delaney,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College. 
At  first  it  was  conducted  as  the  personal  property  of  its  editor, 
but  as  such  it  survived  only  nine  months  when  it  became  necessary 
to  transfer  its  ownership  to  a  joint-stock  company.  After  the  change 
Delaney  was  retained  in  the  capacity  of  editor. 

Delaney  was  the  first  Negro  editor  to  be  sued  for  libel.  He  was 
fined  for  his  statements;  but  his  popularity  was  so  great  that  the 
fine  was  paid  by  popular  subscription. 

The  Mystery  ceased  publication  under  that  name  in  1848,  at 
which  time  it  was  purchased  by  the  African  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

Statement  by  As  the  result  of  a  statement  by  the  editor  of 

N.  Y.  Sun,  Origin  The  New  York  Sun,  "The  Sun  shines  for  all 
OF  The  Ram's  Horn  white  men  and  not  for  colored  men,"  in 
January,  1847,  The  Rani's  Horn  was  begun. 
Its  editor  was  Willis  Hodges,  who  according  to  The  Afro-American 
Press  and  Its  Editor'',  furnished  the  money  necessary  to  publish 
the  first  issue  by  whitewashing  in  New  York  City  for  two  months. 
Within  a  short  period  of  time  the  circulation  of  the  paper  reached 
two  thousand  five  hundred  copies.  The  subscription  price  was 
$1.50  to  subscribers  within  the  state,  and  SI  a  year  to  those  outside 
the  state.  Its  motto  was — "We  are  men,  and  therefore  interested 
in  whatever  concerns  men."  The  publication  was  a  five  column 
folio,  printed  on  both  sides.  It  suspended  publication  in  June  1848. 
*■  Published  by  I.  Garland  Penn  in  1891. 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


CHAPTER  2 

THE   ABOLITIONIST   PRESS 

(1847-1865) 

Douglass  Founds         With    the    founding    of    the    North   Star,    at 
North  Star  Rochester.  N.  Y.,  November  1,  1847,  a  new 

era  in  Negro  Journalism  was  begun.  The 
new  paper  was  conducted  on  a  much  higher  plane  than  any  of  the 
preceding  publications.  The  editor  of  the  North  Star  was  Frederick 
Douglass,  a  man  who  stood  head  and  shoulders  above  his  colleagues. 
In  fact.  Douglass  is  in  Negro  Journalism  what  Bennett,  or  Pulitzer, 
or  Greeley,  or  Dana  is  in  American  Journalism.  The  personal 
fame  of  the  man  gave  his  paper  at  once  a  place  among  the  first 
journals  of  the  country. 

The  columns  of  the  North  Star  were  filled  with  contributions 
from  correspondents  in  Europe  and  the  West  Indies,  as  well  as 
from  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  It  was  the  first  Negro  news- 
paper to  have  anv  considerable  circulation  among  the  American 
people  outside  of  its  own  race  group. 

Life  of  The  life  of  the  founder  of  this  paper  is   a 

Fred  Douglass  most  interesting  one.     Born  a  slave  at  Tucka- 

hoe,  Md.,  February,  1817,  he  escaped  from 
his  master  in  1833,  going  first  to  New  York  City,  and  then  to  New 
Bedford,  Mass.  In  1841,  he  was  sent  out  as  a  lecturer  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Massachusetts  Anti-Slavery  Society.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  prominent  anti-slavery  agitators  of  his  day;  a  series 
of  lectures  on  the  immorality  of  human  slavery  was  given  by  him 
in  England.  Douglass'  power  as  a  writer  was  great,  and  his  ready 
and  vigorous  use  of  the  English  language  was  always  effective.  The 
paper  was  discontinued  shortly  after  the  abolition  of  slavery. 

The   Impartial  Around    the    brilliancy    of    the    North    Star 

Citizen  moved    several    satellites,    which    somewhat 

reflected  the  light  of  the  major  planet. 
Among  these  was  The  Impartial  Citizen,  published  at  Syracuse, 
N.  Y.,  in  1848,  by  Samuel  Ward.  It  is  said  that  the  paper  was 
conducted  on  a  high  plane  and  was  ably  edited. 

Colored  Man's  The  suspension  of  The  Ram's  Horn  in  1848 

Journal  Runs  left  the  Negroes  of  New  York  City  without  a 

Ten  Years  newspaper.     However,  in  1851,  Louis  H.  Put- 

man  began  the  publication  of  The  Colored 
Mans  Journal.  It  was  backed  by  a  friend  who  financially  sup- 
ported it,  and  as  a  result  the  paper  was  able  to  run  for  a  period 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


of   ten   years — a   record   unequalled    during   the   period   before   the 
Emancij3ation  by  any  paper  with  the  exception  of  the  JSorth  Star. 

Alienated  The  'Alienated   American,   edited   by   W.    H. 

American  Day,  was  the  first  Negro  newspaper  published 

in  Ohio.  It  entered  upon  its  career  in  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  in  1852,  five  years  after  its  editor  was  graduated  from 
Oberlin  College.  The  Alienated  American  was  one  of  the  best 
journals  published  by  Negroes  in  the  nineteenth  century. 

Day  was  a  prolific,  scholarly  writer.  His  publication  was  a 
creditable  one  and  realized  a  good  support.  The  paper  ceased 
publication  in  1856,  when  its  editor  made  a  trip  to  England. 

A.  M.  E.  Church  In  1848,  the  African  Methodist  Episcopal 
Buys  The  Mystery  Church  purchased  The  Mystery  of  Pittsburgh, 
Pa.,  of  which  Martin  Delaney  was  editor. 
During  the  four  years  of  its  existence  in  Pittsburgh,  the  paper 
was  known  as  the  Christian  Herald.  In  1852,  the  paper  was  moved 
to  Philadelphia,  and  its  name  was  changed  to  Christian  Recorder. 
Rev.  M.  M.  Clarke  became  its  first  editor. 

Christian  The  beginning  of  the  Christian  Recorder  in 

Recorder  Oldest  1852,  marks  the  founding  of  the  oldest  Negro 
Negro  Newspaper  newspaper  in  existence  today.  It  is  also 
significant  in  that  it  marks  the  first  serious 
attempt  in  Negro  Journalism  to  establish  a  religious  newspaper. 
The  early  years  of  the  paper  were  beset  with  many  difficulties,  and 
oftimes  the  paper  was  not  issued  regularly.  Not  until  Elisha 
Weaver  became  editor  in  1861  did  it  appear  weekly.  The  size  of 
the  paper  has  increased  from  5  columns,  4  pages,  12  by  16  inches, 
in  1848,  to  its  present  size,  4  columns,  16  pages,  10  by  16  inches. 

The  present  circulation  of  the  paper  is  about  5,000.  Its  editor 
is  R.  R.  Wright  Jr.,  who  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1911. 

Negro  Journalism  The  year  1855  saw  Negro  Journalism  starting 
on  Pacific  Coast  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Within  a  space  of  less 
than  thirty  years  Negro  Journalism  had  made 
its  way  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  seaboard.  The  first  publi- 
cation was  established  at  San  Francisco  under  the  name  of  The 
Mirror  of  the  Times.  Its  editor  was  Judge  Gibbs.  It  was  published 
for  seven  years,  and  in  1862  was  merged  into  The  Pacific  Appeal. 

The  Herald  Another  contemporary  of  the  \orth  Star  was 

of  Freedom  The  Herald  of  Freedom,  published  in  1855, 

in  Ohio,  by  Peter  H.  Clark.  It  was  short- 
lived but  during  its  existence  it  was  one  of  the  best  advocates  of 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


Abolition.  lis  editor  was  a  man  of  good  common  sense  and  vast 
knowledge.  After  the  suspension  of  his  paper,  Clark  was  associated 
with  Douglass  on  the  North  Star. 

The  Anglo-  Thomas  Hamilton,  the  publisher  of  the  short- 

African  lived    People's     Press,     again     attempted     a 

publication  in  New  York  City.  On  July  23, 
1859,  he  began  publishing  The  Anglo-African.  The  paper  was 
well  printed  and  in  the  opinion  of  Frederick  Douglass  "had  more 
promise  and  more  journalistic  ability  about  it,  than  any  of  the 
other  papers.''  The  motto  of  the  papers  of  the  period  was  highly 
indicative  of  their  editorial  outlook  and  policy.  Practically  every 
paper  had  its  motto,  and  The  Anglo-African  was  no  exception.  Its 
motto  was:  "Man  must  be  free;  if  not  through  law,  then  above 
the  law." 

Advocates  Haytian     In    1860,   the   paper   was   bought   by   James 
Emigration  Redpath — the   object   of  his  purchase   being 

to  advocate  the  Haytian  Emigration  Move- 
ment. With  the  change  in  ownership  the  paper  was  known  as 
The  Weekly  Anglo-African.  Later,  in  1861,  the  paper  reverted  to 
the  Hamilton  family,  being  published  by  Robert  Hamilton.  The 
original  name  of  the  paper  was  resumed,  and  under  its  new  pub- 
lisher became  an  ardent  supporter  df  the  Republican  party.  With 
the  freeing  of  the  slaves.  The  Anglo  African  began  to  advocate  the 
need  of  educational  facilities  for  the  freedman,  especially  in  the 
South.     The  paper  was  suspended  shortly  after  Emancipation. 

Colored  Citizen  During  the  period  of  the  Civil  War  only  two 

Organ  of  Negro  Negro  newspapers  were  established,   one   of 

Soldiers  During  which  was  The  Colored  Citizen,  published  at 

War  Cincinnati.  Ohio,   by  John   P.   Sampson.     It 

was  issued  in  the  interest  of  the  Negro 
soldiers  fighting  in  the  war.  It  was  commonly  referred  to  as  the 
■'Soldiers'  Organ,"  and  was  widely  disseminated  among  the  soldiers. 
Sampson  was  well  educated — being  a  product  of  the  Boston  public 
school  system — and  as  an  editor  he  was  both  able  and  enterprising. 
The  Colored  Citizen  was  suspended  the  latter  part  of  1865. 

The  Pacific  In   1862,  The  Pacific  Appeal  came  into  be- 

Appeal  ing  in  San  Francisco,  but  it  was  not  a  new 

publication,  however,  it  was  merely  the  suc- 
cessor to  The  Mirror  of  the  Times.  Its  editor  was  William  H. 
Carter.  It  became  the  index  of  the  activities  of  the  Negroes  on 
the  Pacific  coast.  The  paper's  motto  was:  "He  who  would  be 
free,  himself  must  strike  the  blow."  It  was  a  six  column  folio, 
well-printed,  and  contained  editorials  which  on  the  whole  were 
sober  and  sound. 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


The  Elevator,  The  second  paper  established  on  the  western 

Edited  by  Bell  coast  was  The  Elevator,  which  was  begun  by 

Phillip  Bell,  April  18,  1865,  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.  The  paper  stated  its  mission  thus:  "We  shall  labor 
for  the  civil  and  political  enfranchisement  of  the  Colored  people — 
not  as  a  distinct  and  separate  race,  but  as  American  citizens."  The 
publisher  encouraged  advertisements  and  quoted  his  rates  as  being 
60  cents  for  one  insertion  and  25  cents  for  each  subsequent  insertion. 

Bell  a  Man  Bell  had  been  connected  with  the  journalistic 

OF  Learning  field   for  twenty-five   years,   and   as   a  result 

was  experienced  in  the  work.  His  editorials 
were  of  a  high  quality.  His  paper  was  neatly  printed  and  con- 
tained contributions  relating  to  science,  art,  literature  and  drama. 
In  fact,  it  is  said  that  Bell  himself  was  well-versed  in  belles-lettres 
and  dramatic  criticism.  By  many  of  his  contemporaries  he  was 
considered  the  Napoleon  of  the  Negro  press.  Although  he  died  in 
1889,  his  paper  continued  for  many  years  thereafter. 


CHAPTER  HI 

THE  RECONSTRUCTION  PERIOD 

(1865-1880) 

Emancipation  W?th    the    emancipation,    a    new    period    in 

Goal  of  Negro  Negro  Journalism  is  begun.    For  nearly  forty 

Press  years    newspapers    had    been    published    by 

Negroes  who  had  obtained  their  freedom,  but 
the  circulation  of  these  papers  among  the  race  group  of  necessity 
was  limited.  Emancipation  marked  the  realization  of  the  goal  of 
the  Negro  press  prior  to  that  time,  and  with  the  ushering  in  of  free- 
dom many  of  the  newspapers  ceased  publication.  There  was,  how- 
ever, still  another  great,  if  not  even  more  important  task  for  the 
Negro  press — the  education  of  the  masses  of  illiterate.  This  task 
the  surviving  newspapers,  together  with  many  new  ones,  set  out 
to  accomplish. 

First  Southern  The  first  notable  development  of  the  period 

Negro  Newspaper  was  the  beginning  of  Negro  newspapers  in 
the  South,  where  the  large  majority  of 
Negroes  were  located.  The  first  Negro  newspaper  published  in  the 
South  was  The  Colored  American  of  Augusta,  Ga.,  issued  for  the 
first  time  in  October,  1865.  The  following  paragraph  from  its 
propectus  will  suffice  to  show  the  paper's  attitude  and  policy: 

10 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


Colored  "It  (The  Colored  American)  is  designated  to 

American's  be  a  vehitle  for  the  diffusion   of  Religious- 

Propectus  Political    and    General    Intelligence.     It    will 

be  devoted  to  the  promotion  of  harmony  and 
good-will  between  the  whites  and  Colored  people  of  the  South,  and 
untiring  in  its  advocacy  of  Industry  and  Education  among  all 
classes;   but  particularly  the  class  most  in  need  of  our  agency. 

"Accepting,  at  all  times,  the  decision  of  public  sentiment  and 
Legislative  Assemblies,  and  bowing  to  the  majesty  of  law,  it  will 
fearlessly  remonstrate  against  legal  and  constitutional  proscription 
by  appeal  to  the  public  sense  of  justice.""''^ 

Shuften's  The  editor  of  the  paper  was  J.  T.  Shuften, 

Editorial  on  th-e         who  was  ably  assisted  by  Dr.  James  Lynch. 
Race  Problem  Shuften    was    credited    by    The    Neiv    York 

World  as  having  written  the  best  article  of 
the  time  on  the  "Negro  Question."  The  paper  was  short-lived  and 
suspended  February,  1866. 

Precursors  in  With  the  beginning  of  Negro  Journalism  in 

Southern  States  the  South,  papers  sprung  up  in  other  states: 
The  Colored  T ennessean  and  The  True  Com- 
municator, of  Baltimore,  Md.,  being  among  the  more  noted  ones. 
Many  of  the  papers  were  short-lived;  others  changed  hands  and 
names  frequently  and  continued  for  several  years. 

Papers  Grow  in  The    year    1868    saw^    the    founding    of    The 

Influence  and  Charleston  Leader,  at  Charleston,  S.  C.     By 

Circulation  1870,  the  Negro  press  began  to  make  itself 

felt.  The  People's  Journal,  with  a  circula- 
tion of  over  10,000  was  being  edited  by  Dr.  R.  L.  Perry.  In 
Mississippi,  James  J.  Spellman  nad  John  Lynch  began  The  Colored 
Citizen.  December,  1870,  marked  the  founding  of  The  New  Or- 
leans Louisianian>  by  P.  B.  S.  Pinchback*,  who  in  1873  became 
governor  of  Louisiana,  being  the  only  Negro  ever  to  hold  this 
position. 

August  1861,  John  J.  Freeman  started  The  Progressive  American, 
in  New  York  City,  which  existed  for  ten  years.  The  one  outstand- 
ing achievement  of  this  paper  is  the  fact  that  as  a  result  of  its  fight 
for  Negro  teachers  in  the  public  schools  twenty-three  were  appointed. 
Editors  Highly  Between  186.5  and  1880,  over  30  newspapers 

Educated  of  more  or  less  merit  came   into  existence; 

Negro  newspapers  were  being  published  in 
21  states.  The  papers  of  the  period  were  ably  edited  and  were  the 
product  of  some  of  the  most  highly  educated  Negroes. 

*Pinchback  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Dec.  22,  1921. 

** Afro- American  Press. 

11 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE  PERIOD  OF  TRANSITION 

(1880-1900) 

Number  of  Papers      The  last  twenty  years  of  the  ninteenth  cen- 
Increases  tury  were  marked  by  an  increase  in  the  num- 

ber of  papers  published.  More  than  150 
papers  were  being  published  by  Negroes  in  thirty  different  states 
before  the  dawn  of  the  new  century.  To  trace  the  history  of  all 
of  these  papers  would  be  useless,  if  not  well  nigh  impossible,  as 
but  few  of  them  were  long-lived  or  permanent.  Most  of  them  were 
started  for  the  achievement  of  a  single  end,  and  having  served  the 
temporary  need  disappeared.  There  are,  however,  several  papers 
which  were  established  during  this  period  that  demand  treatment 
because  of  their  longevity  and  present  existence. 

Philadelphia  Among  this  group  is  The  Philadlephia  Tri- 

Tribune  bune.    founded   by   Christopher   J.    Perry    in 

1884.  Perrv,  who  was  sole  owner  of  his 
paper,  had  had  much  experience  in  Journalism  before  becoming 
a  publisher.  His  work  as  editor  of  the  Colored  Department  of 
The  Sunday  Mercury,  had  established  his  reputation  as  a  journalist. 

Remarkable  Since  its  founding,  its  editor  has  worked  un- 

Success  Under  ceasingly  towards  its  development'  and  as  a 

Perry  result    the    success    of    the    paper    has    been 

remarkable.  Today  the  paper  exists,  and 
decess  under  Perry  in  spite  of  the  death  of  its  founder  in  1920,  is  still 
carried  on  by  his  heirs.  Today  The  Philadelphia  Tribune  occupies 
an  enviable  position  among  Negro  papers,  and  is  undoubtedly*  one 
of  the  twelve  best  Negro  papers  in  the  United  States.  At  the  time 
of  his  death,  Christopher  Perry  was  president  of  The  National 
Negro  Press  Association. 

The  Age  Oldest         The    oldest    Negro    newspaper    published    in 
Negro  Paper  in  New   York  City  at  the  present  time  is   The 

New  York  City  ISew  York  Age.     It  was  founded  in  1888  by 

T.  Thomas  Fortune,  the  living  dean  of  Negro 
newspaper  editors.  Fortune  began  his  journalistic  career  as  a 
boy  in  the  office  of  a  white  paper  published  in  Marianna,  Fla.  His 
first  editorship  came  in  1880,  when  he  became  connected  with 
The  New  York  Globe.  Under  the  guidance  of  Fortune,  The  Age 
was  perhaps  the  greatest  Negro  newspaper  of  the  period.  Garland 
Penn,  in  his  Afro-American  Press  (published  in  1891),  styles, 
Fortune  as  "the  most  noted  man  in  Afro- American  journalism." 

12 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


Richmond  Planet       The  Richmond  Planet,  founded  by  John  Mit- 
Editer  by  chell,  Jr.,  in   1884,  is  another  Negro  news- 

Mitchell  paper  that  has  enjoyed  longevity.     Mitchell 

seems  to  have  been  a  born  newspaperman, 
and  practically  all  of  his  life  he  has  devoted  himself  to  journalism. 
Despite  his  location  in  the  Southland,  Mitchell  has  ever  been  a 
bold  and  fearless  writer.  Today  The  Richmond  Planet  still  exists, 
with  John  Mitchell,  Jr.,  at  its  head,  and  has  a  circulation  of  over 
25,000. 

Smith  and  The  The  Cleveland  Gazette  was  begun  in  August, 

Cleveland  Gazette  1883,  with  H.  C.  Smith  as  sole  owner.  It 
was  considered  as  one  of  the  best  edited 
papers  in  the  United  States.  Smith  was  an  ardent  politician,  and 
his  editorials  advocating  Republicanism  were  exceptionally  pointed 
and  well  put.  The  paper  was  one  of  the  few  Negro  papers  of  the 
period  that  was  a  financial  success.  The  Cleveland  Gazette  is  still 
published  bv  H.  C.  Smith.  It  has  a  circulation  of  approximately 
20,000. 

William  Chase  Perhaps  the  strongest  Negro  newspaper  ever 

and  The  Bee  published    in    Washington,    D.    C,    is    The 

Washington  Bee,  of  which  William  Calvin 
Chase  is  editor  and  founder.  Chase  is  especially  noted  for  his 
bull-dog  tenacity  in  exposing  and  attacking  fraud.  He  has  always 
been  one  of  the  "big  guns"  in  editorial  artillery.  Chase  is  still 
editor  of  his  paper,  and  The  Bee  buzzes  as  of  old. 

The  Freeman  The    first    illustrated    Negro    newspaper   was 

First  Illustrated       The  Indianapolis  Freeman,  founded  by  Ed- 
Negro  Weekly  ward  Cooper  of  Indianapolis-  Ind.,  July  14, 

1888.  The  paper  consisted  of  eight  pages, 
and  gave  a  complete  review  of  the  doings  of  Negroes  everywhere. 
The  extensive  use  of  cuts  and  illustrations  made  the  paper  famous. 
As  an  all  around  newspaperman.  Cooper  was  without  a  peer,  and 
under  his  management  the  paper  reached  a  pre-eminent  position 
in  Negro  Journalism.  Today  The  Freeman  is  owned  and  controlled 
by  George  L.  Knox,  and  it  still  enjoys  a  wide  range  of  popularity. 
The  paper  features  theatricals  and  sports.  The  present  circulation 
is  about  30,000. 

Afro-American  The  founding  of  The  Afro-American  in  1893, 

Founded  in  1893  by  W.  M.  Alexander  marks  the  beginning  of 

a  paper  which  today  figures  most  conspicu- 
ously in  Negro  Journalism.  About  1896,  the  paper  came  into  the 
hands  of  J.  H.  Murphy,  Sr.,*  who  is  now  its  managing  editor  at 

1  •> 

iO 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


the  age  of  eighty.     More   will   be  said  of  The  Afro-American   in 
connection  with  the  chapter  on  Present  Day  Papers. 

Leading  Papers  A  list  of  the  leading  Negro   newspapers   in 

IN  1897  America  in   1897,  compiled  by  J.  T.   Haley 

in  his  book  Sparkling  Gems  of  Race  Knowl- 
edge, includes  the  following:  The  Colored  American,  Washington, 
D.  C;  TheJ^iew  Itork  Age;  The  Indianapalis  Freeman;  The  Cleve- 
land Gazette;  The  Boston  Courant;  The  Richmond  (Va.)  Planet; 
The  Huntsville  (Ala.)  Gazette;  The  Southern  Age,  Atlanta,  Ga. ; 
The  Progress,  Helena,  Ark.;  The  Elevator,  San  Francisco,  Cal.; 
The  Colorado  Statesman,  Denver  Colo.;  The  Appeal'  Chicago,  111.; 
The  A f ro- American,  Bahimore.Md.,  and  The  Denver  (Colo.)  Star. 
*MurpKy  died  in  April,  1922,  at  the  age  of  80  years. 

Organization  It  would  be  improper  to  close  a  discussion 

of  Negro  ^  of  the  period  without  mentioning  the  organ- 

Correspondents  izing   of  the   "Associated  Correspondents   of 

Race  Papers"  on  April  23,  1890.  The  object 
of  the  organization  was  to  establish  a  better  medium  of  communica- 
tion from  the  capital.  This  step  was  perhaps  the  first  real  effort 
for  unison  among  Negro  newspapers,  and  marked  a  growing  spirit 
of  journalistic  co-operation  and  interdependency. 


CHAPTER  V 

THE  DAWN  OF   A   NEW  ERA 

•(1900 ) 

Journalism  Without  doubt  the  first  two  decades  of  the 

Becoming  twentieth  century  mark  the  highest  progress 

A  Profession  in    Negro    Journalism.     More    papers    have 

been  established,  and  better  papers  have  been 
produced.  A  realization  of  the  power  of  the  press  has  grown  as 
the  period  of  freedom  has  increased  and  race  consciousness  has 
been  developed.  More  men  with  capital  have  invested  in  news- 
papers. Publishers  and  editors  began  for  the  first  time  to  consider 
Journalism  a  profession  from  which  a  living  could  be  derived. 

Lack  Funds  and  Lack  of  adequate  funds  to  fully  develop   a 

Need  Equipment  well-balanced  newspaper  has  been  and  still 
is  the  greatest  drawback  to  the  Negro  pub- 
lisher. Lntil  in  very  recent  years,  no  Negro  newspaper  did  all  of 
its  mechanical  work.  In  many  cases  the  newspaper  office  merely 
collected  and  arranged  the  news,  and  then  carried  it  to  some  pub- 

14 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


lishing  concern.  In  other  cases,  the  paper  was  printed  by  a  pub- 
lishing house,  although  the  "forms"  were  made-up  in  the  papers 
own  shop.  Thus,  Negro  newspapers  have  not  been  independent 
concerns. 

Lack  of  Live  In   his  effort  to   seriously  make  journalistic 

News  Stories  progress,  the  publisher  of  a  Negro  newspaper 

has  always  found  it  difficult  to  obtain  suffi- 
cient live  material  to  fill  up  his  sheet.  There  have  been  no  news 
bureaus  or  syndicates  to  supply  him  with  the  type  of  news  needed 
to  make  his  paper  a  real  newsy  sheet.  In  his  endeavor  to  "pad  out" 
in  order  to  continually  fill  the  standard  size  of  his  paper,  the  Negro 
publisher  has  been  compelled  to  "clip"  news  previously  featured 
by  the  daily  newspapers  or  rewrite  news  from  other  Negro  papers — 
a  task  rendered  difficult  by  the  corresponding  dearth  of  real  news 
in  all  Negro  papers  during  "dull"  seasons. 

Poor  Organization  Prior  to  and  at.the  beginning  of  the  twentieth 
A  Serious  Handicap  century,  the  organization  of  the  average 
Negro  newspaper  amounted  to  a  printer- 
editor,  perhaps  an  assistant  whose  duties  were  varied  and  manifold, 
an  office  girl,  who  in  addition  to  keeping  books,  also  performed 
the  duties  of  copy-reader,  and  two  or  three  agents  who  worked 
part  time  on  a  percentage  basis.  The  typographical  and  grammati- 
cal structure  of  many  of  the  papers  suffered  greatly  through  the 
lack  of  having  a  staff  sufficientlv  trained  and  equipped  with  the 
proper  facilities  for  turning  out  a  well-edited,  well-printed  sheet. 
Dependence  on  a  small,  under-paid  and  inefficient  organization — 
a  condition  analogous,  and  in  many  instances  worse  than  that  which 
exists  on  the  small  town  newspaper — has  seriously  handicapped 
the  Negro  newspaper  of  the  past. 

News   Bureaus  The   past   twenty    years   have    witnessed   the 

AND  Syndicates  evolution   of  a  new   Negro   press.     Stronger 

Founded  papers   have   been    begun,    and   news    syndi- 

cates and  news  associations  have  been 
founded.  Examples  of  the  latter  are:  The  Hampton  Institute 
Service,  The  Tuskegee  Institute  Press  Service,  Allen's  News  Agency, 
The  R.  W.  Thompson  News  Agency,  The  National  Negro  Press 
Association  and  The  Associated  Negro  Press.  Especially  is  the 
last  named  organization  rendering  a  great  service  and  filling  a  great 
need. 

Associated  The    Associated    Negro    Press    has    been    in 

Negro  Press  existence  less  than  four  years  but  during  that 

time  it  has  rapidly  grown  and  achieved  great 

success.     Today  it  has  a  membership  of  more  than  100  newspapers. 

13      . 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


The  establishment  of  the  A.  N.  P.  was  the  first  eflfort  in  Negro 
Journalism  to  assemble  and  distribute  regularly  general  news  from 
all  sections  of  the  United  States  and  other  countries  affecting  Col- 
ored people.  Through  the  work  of  this  organization  big  news 
stories  now  appear  simultaneously  in  all  of  the  leading  Negro  news- 
papers. The  A.  N.  P.  maintains  executive  offices  in  Chicago  and 
permanent  bureaus  in  Washington  and  New  York. 

Papers  of  Among   the   present   day   papers    established 

THE  Period  in   this   period   are:     The  Boston   Guardian^ 

The  Nashville  Globe.  The  Atlanta  Indepen- 
dent, The  Chicago  Defender,  The  Detroit  Leader,  The  Pittsburgh 
Courier,  TWe  St.  Louis  Argus.  The  Dallas  Express,  The  Cleveland 
Advocate.  The  Negro  World.  The  Indianapolis  Ledger,  The  Indian- 
apolis Recorder,  and  The  Chicago  Whip. 


CHAPTER  VI 
PRESENT   DAY  PAPERS 

250  Secular  Today   over   250   secular   Negro    newspapers 

Weeklies  are    being    published    in    the    United    States, 

with  a  total  circulation  of  over  one  million 
five  hundred  thousand  copies.  These  papers  are  published  in  34 
states  and  in  the  district  of  Columbia. 

Papers  Have  Papers  published  in  the  larger  centers  where 

Journalistic  the  Negro  population  is  large,  such  as  New 

Appearance  York    City,    Chicago,    Boston,    Philadelphia, 

Cleveland,  St.  Louis,  Washington.  Detroit- 
Indianapolis,  Baltimore,  Pittsburgh,  Nashville  and  Atlanta  have 
developed  to  a  high  degree.  Their  make-up  on  the  whole  is  good; 
their  news  stories  for  the  most  part  conform  with  accepted  journal- 
istic style;  their  leads  are  of  the  summary  type;  their  headlines, 
although  somewhat  sensational,  are  usually  well  constructed;  their 
news  treatment  is  becoming  more  impersonal ;  on  the  whole  they  are 
a  great  improvement  over  the  Negro  papers  of  the  past. 

Defender  Housed  Negro  newspaper  offices  are  being  trans- 
IN  $200,000  Plant  formed  from  mere  receiving  stations  for  news 
to  newspaper  plants.  During  May,  1921, 
The  Chicago  Defender,  one  of  the  leading  Negro  newspapers,  moved 
into  a  new  building  fitted  up  by  its  owner,  Robert  S.  Abbott,  at  an 
expense  of  over  $200,000.  The  new  Defender  plant  compares 
favorably  with  that  of  any  paper  of  its  size  in  the  United  States. 

16 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


Abbott,  Editor  and  Owner  of  The  Chicago  Defender, 
Chicago,  Illinois 

Its  equipment  includes  four  linotype  machines,  each  equipped  with 
two  magazines,  geared  to  cast  seven  lines  per  minute.  The  press 
on  which  The  Defender  is  printed  is  a  32-page  and  color  machine, 
made  by  the  celebrated  Goss  Printing  Press  Company.  It  is  driven 
by  a  30  H.P.  motor  and  six  men  are  required  for  its  operation. 
It  prints,  folds  and  counts  the  papers  all  in  one  operation  at  a 
speed  of  35>000  copies  per  hour.  The  paper's  circulation  is  over 
200,000. 

Afro-American  Another  paper  which  is  representative  of  the 

Employs  21  new  order  of  things  in  Negro  Journalism  is 

The  A  fro- American  of  Baltimore,  Md.  The 
Afro-American  was  among  the  first  Negro  papers  to  own  and  oper- 
ate its  own  plant.  Today  the  plant  consists  of  a  three-story  build- 
ing, Goss  Press,  three  linotype  machines,  etc.  The  paper  has  twenty- 
one  active  employees  and  over  two  hundred  agents  in  the  state. 
The  sworn  circulation  of  the  paper  for  1920-21  was  twenty  thousand 
and  one  hundred  copies  weekly. 

Tribune  Owns  From    a    humble    beginning    in    1884,    The 

$100,000  Plant  Philadelphia  Tribune  has  grown  until  today 

its  own  hundred  thousand  dollar  plant,  fully 
equipped  to  do  modern  job  and  commercial  work  in  addition  to 
printing    the    paper.     Christopher    J.    Perry    remained    sole    owner 


17 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


FORMER   TULSA  POLICE  EXPOSES  RIOT  PLOT 


^pu^J#>; 


FIEND  IS 
CAPTURED  


n'ir\_  C'Mis^s   Murder 


ol  Iiaollclt  Ceiluii 
iaitirlu 


First  page  of  the  Chicago  Defender,  a  leading  Negro  weekly  newspaper  with  a 
$200,000  plant  and  a  subscription  list  which  is  over  175,000.  A  view  of  the  plant 
is  also  shown. 


A  History  OF  Negro  Journalism 


of  the  paper  from  its  founding;  to  the  time  of  his  death.  Today 
the  paper  is  being  published  by  his  children,  and  is  continuing 
along  the  conservative  lines  which  have  characterized  the  paper 
for  more  than  35  years. 

Better  Staffs  In  the  past,  the  editorial  page  has  been  the 

AND  News  one  redeeming  feature  of  the  average  Negro 

newspaper.  Today  the  papers  are  beginning 
to  have  well-balanced  staffs,  reporters,  city  editors,  cartoonists,  etc. 
News  stories  are  being  better  written,  copy  is  being  handled  more 
carefully,  accuracy  is  being  insisted  upon,  and  make-up  in  general 
is  being  improved. 

Sectional  Papers    printed    in    different    parts    of    the 

Differences  in  country  varv  quite  significantlv  in  their  make- 

Development  up  and  qualitv.     The  best  papers  are  proba- 

bly published  in  the  Middle  West  and  the 
East.  The  Southern  press  is  still  in  the  rear,  although  signs  are 
evident  that  it  is  beginning  to  wake  up.  At  the  present  four  South- 
ern papers  have  a  very  high  national  rating.  They  are  The  Afro- 
American.  The  Atlanta  Independent'  The  Nashville  Globe  and  The 
Dallas  Express. 

Papers  Having  Seven  papers  have  over  30,000  subscribers. 

Over  30,000  The  list  includes  the  following  papers  in  the 

order  named:  The  Chicago  Defender.  The 
Negro  World,  The  Indianapolis  Ledger,  The  Atlanta  Independent. 
The  New  york  News,  The  Pittsburgh  Courier  and  The  Birmingham 
Reporter. 

Twelve  Leading  Any  attempt  to  select  the  leading  Negro  news- 

Necro  Weeklies  papers    of   necessity   must   be   more    or    less 

arbitrary,  and  dependent  upon  prejudices 
toward  certain  types  of  journalism.  A  probable  list  of  the  best 
twelve  weekljes^might  include:  The^hicggo  Defender,  The  Afro- 
American,  The  Cleveland  Advocate.  The  Philadelphia  Tribune.  The 
New  York  Age,  The  Pittsburgh  Courier,  The  Chicago  Whip.  The 
St.  Louis  Argus.  The  Indianapolis  Ledger,  The  .Atlanta  Independent, 
The  Detroit  Leader  and  The  Boston  Guardian. 


CHAPTER  VII 

DAILY  NEGRO  NEWSPAPERS 

First  Daily  The  first  attempt  of  the  Negro  journalist  to 

Cairo  Gazette  publish   a   daily   newspaper   was   The   Cairo 

{l\\.)-Gazetle.  which  was  first  issued  April  23- 

1882.     The  editor  was  W.  S.  Scott.     The  paper  was  issued  regu- 

19 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


larly  for  six  months  when  the  plant  was  destroyed  bv  fire.  It  was 
a  readable  sheet,  contained  much  original  matter,  and  had  a  good 
force  of  reporters. 

Columbus  The   next   attempt   was    The   Columbus   Mes- 

Messenger  senger.  published  at  Columbus.  Ga.     It  was 

first  issued  as  a  daily  in  1888.  It  was  edited 
by  B.  T.  Harvey,  a  graduate  of  Tuskegee  Institute.  The  sheet  was 
12  by  20  inches. 

Dailies  Issued  for  Several  newspapers  have  issued  daily  edi- 
Short  Periods  tions     for     short     periods.     The     Knoxville 

(Tenn.)  Negro  World  was  issued  daily  as 
an  advertising  medium  for  two  weeks.  About  1890  The  Public 
Ledger  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  was  issued  daily  by  Wesley  Adams,  for 
a  short  period.  The  Nashville  Globe  published  a  dailv  during  the 
$30,000  Y.  M.  C.  A.  campaign  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  June  1-12,  1913. 
It  proved  a  tremendous  success  for  the  twelve  davs  and  had  an 
average  circulation  of  5,000  per  day.  During  the  World  War 
The  Herald  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  edited  by  W.  T.  Andrews,  was  issued 
daily. 

Dailies  in  Form  Three   daily   papers   are  being   published   at 

OF  "Broadsides"  present.     Two  of  these,  The  Richmond  (Va.) 

Colored  American  and  The  Washington  Col- 
ored American  are  published  by  the  American  Publicity  Bureau, 
Inc.  and  The  National  Negro  Publicity  Bureau,  Inc.,  respectively 
with  D.  Eugene  Taylor  listed  as  general  manager  of  both.  In  form 
these  papers  are  "broadsides"^ — a  bulletin  type  of  sheet  printed  on 
only  one  side.  They  are  printed  on  a  sheet  measuring  24  inches 
by  36  inches.  The  news  is  set  in  two  double  columns,  running 
down  the  center  of  the  page  between  a  double  column  of  advertis- 
ing on  each  side. 

Daily  The   third   paper   is   The  Indianapolis   Daily 

Standard  Standard  which  began  publication  the  latter 

part  of  April,  1922,  under  the  editorship  of 
C.  C.  Shelby.  It  is  a  7  column.  4-page  paper  and  retails  at  2  cents 
per  copy. 

Drawbacks  to  The  slow  development  of  the  Negro  daily  is 

Negro  Daily  due  chiefly  to  the  fact:      (1)   That  the  field 

of  such  papers  is  already  covered  to  a  large 
extent  by  the  American  daily  press:  and  (2)  That  a  daily  paper, 
with  a  restricted  field  from  which  to  gather  news,  and  denied  the 
service  of  the  Associated  Press,  is  well  nigh  impossible.  With  the 
further  development  of  the  Associated  Negro  Press  more  Negro 
dailies  may  be  possible. 

20 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


CHAPTER  Vni 
NEGRO  MAGAZINES 

Early  The  magazine  field  has  not  been  entered  as 

Magazines  rapidly  or  as  fully  by  the  Negro  journalist 

as  the  newspaper  field.  The  first  Negro 
magazine,  nevertheless,  early  followed  the  beginning  made  by  the 
first  Negro  newspaper.  In  1837,  the  first  magazine — The  Mirror 
of  Liberty — was  published  by  David  Ruggles.  It  was  devoted  to 
the  advancement  of  the  free  Negroes  in  the  North,  and  was  issued 
quarterly  from  New  York  Citv. 

Anglo-African  The  next  serious  attempt  to  publish  a  Negro 

Magazine  magazine  was  in  1856,  when  Thomas  Hamil- 

ton, of  New  York  City,  issued  The  Anglo- 
African  Magazine,  which  was  the  outgrowth  of  his  newspaper.  The 
Anglo-African.  It  was  devoted  to  literature,  science,  statistics  and 
contained  articles  on  the  abolition  of  slavery.  It  existed  for  about 
four  years. 

A.  M.  E.  Review  The  oldest   Negro   magazine,   like  the  oldest 

Oldest  Magazine         newspaper,  was  established  by  the  A.  M.E. 
Church.     In   1884,   that   denomination   began 
the  publishing  of  The  A.  M.  E.  Review  in  Baltimore,  Md.     Today 
it  still  exists  and  is  published  in  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Our  Womejv  Another  noteworthy  periodical  is  Our  Women 

and  Children  and  Children,  first  published  in  1888,  by  Dr. 

William  J.  Simmons.  It  was  unique  in  that 
it  practically  confined  itself  to  the  feminine  world.  Its  contributors 
were  chiefly  women  and  the  articles  which  appeared  on  its  pages 
concerned  themselves  primarily  with  questions  which  affected  home- 
life. 

Over  100  Many  other  Negro  magazines  have  been  at- 

Magazines  tempted:   many  of  more  or  less  note,  but  of 

in  Existence  the    magazines    established    prior    to     1900, 

scarcely  a  one,  if  any,  are  in  existence  today. 
Of  the  leading  present  day  magazines,  none  can  boast  of  as  long 
a  period  of  publication  as  the  present  day  newspapers.  At  present 
about  one  hundred  magazines  are  being  published  by  Negroes. 
However,  this  number  includes  school  periodicals,  church  organs 
and  fraternal  organs,  and  only  a  small  fraction  of  the  total  number 
are  purely  literary  ro  secular  publications. 

21 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


The  Crisis  Edited       Among    the    foremost    Negro    magazines    of 
BY  Dr.  DuBois  general  literature  is  The  Crisis,  published  at 

New  York  City,  under  the  editorship  of  Dr. 
W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  perhaps  the  leading  literary  figure  among  the 
race  today.  While  the  publication  is  the  official  organ  of  "the 
National  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Colored  People,  it 
contains  short  stories,  essays,  sketches  and  poetry  of  a  high  literary 
quality. 

Special  A   special   feature  of   The   Crisis   is  the  em- 

Educational  phasis  it  places  on  higher  education.     Each 

Number  July  it  publishes  an  educational  number  con- 

taining the  photographs  of  Negro  college 
graduates  from  white  Northern  institutions  during  the  past  school 
year.  The  issue  also  contains  a  resume  of  the  educational  progress 
of  the  year. 

The  Messenger,  The  Messenger,  published  in  New  York  City 

a  Journal  of  by  Phillip  Randolph  and  Chandler  Owen,  is 

Social  Science  devoted  to  economic,  political  and  sociologi- 

cal subject-matter,  with  special  emphasis 
upon  the  Negro  and  his  relation  to  the  labor  problem.  The  tre- 
mendous influence  of  this  magazine,  devoted  as  it  is  to  such  a 
special  field,  is  clearly  shown  by  the  fact  that  at  present  it  has  a 
cir-culation  of  over  26,000. 

A  Magazine  Another  magazine  which  confines  itself  to  a 

Devoted  to  Music       limited  field  is  The  American  Musician  and 
AND  Sports  Sportsman    Magazine.     This    publication    is 

printed  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  by  William  A. 
Potter,  editor.  It  is  intended  to  aflford  opportunity  for  the  ex- 
pression of  opinion  on  things  musical,  and  in  addition  to  its 
emphasis  on  music  it  deals  with  all  branches  of  professional  and 
amateur  sports.     The  magazine  has  a  circulation  of  5500. 

Journal  of  One  of  the  most  scholatly  periodicals  pub- 

Negro  History  lished  by  Negroes  is  The  Journal  of  Negro 

History  edited  by  Carter  G.  Woodson,  Ph.D., 
at  Washington,  D.  C.  The  publication  treats  in  a  thorough-going 
and  detailed  manner  the  history  of  the  Negro  race. 

Brownies'  Book  The  Brownies'  Book,  a  magazine  devoted  to 

FOR  Negro  Youth  the  activities  of  the  Negro  youth,  is  also 
published  in  New  York  City  and  has  at  its 
head  Dr.  DuBois  and  Augustus  Dill.  It  contains  stories,  the  life 
and  deeds  of  famous  men  and  women  of  the  Negro  race,  and  cur- 
rent events  of  the  world  told  in  language  suitable  for  children. 
In  a  similar  manner  to  the  The  Crisis,  it  features  the  photographs 
of  Negro  high  school  graduates. 

22 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


Feature  Negro  Two  magazines  of  national    importance  and 

Short  Stories  published    in    Chicago,    111.,    are    The    Half- 

Century,  edited  by  Katherine  Williams  Irmin 
and  The  Favorite,  edited  by  Fenton  Johnson.  Both  of  these  peri- 
odicals feature  literary  material  and  short  stories  dealing  with 
Negro  life. 

The  Radiator  Another    periodical    dealing    with    a    special 

field  is  The  Radiator,  a  bi-monthly  insurance 
magazine,  edited  by  Sadie  T.  Mossell  at  Durham,  N.  C.  Its  pur- 
pose is  to  disseminate  news  and  information  to  Negro  insurance 
companies  and  workers. 

Leading  Present  Other    magazines    published    at    the    present 

Day  Magazines  time  are:     The  Journal  of  the  National  Medi- 

cal Association,  issued  quarterly  bv  the 
National  Medical  Association  at  Tuskegee  Institute,  Ala.;  The  Pull- 
man Porter's  Review,  Chicago,  111.;  The  Search  Light,  Raleigh, 
N.  C;  The  Rainbow,  New  York  City,  and  The  Crusader,  New  York 
City. 


CHAPTER  IX 
TRAINING  IN   NEGRO   SCHOOLS 

Elementary  Definite    steps    are    being    taken    by    Negro 

Training  in  schools    and    colleges    to    provide    academic 

High  Schools  training    in   Journalism.     Even    in   the   high 

schools,  the  development  of  a  vague  apprecia- 
tion of,  and  elementary  training  in  Journalism  is  afforded  by  the 
publishing  of  school  papers,  under  the  supervision  of  the  English 
department.  Such  schools  as  Dunbar  High  School,  Washington, 
D.  C;  Summer  High  School,  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Central  High  School, 
Louisville,  Ky.;  Pearl  High  School,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  and  Langston 
High  School,  Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  illustrate  the  point. 

College  What  is  true  of  the  high  schools  is  true  of 

Publications  the  Normal  and  Industrial  schools  and  col- 

leges on  a  larger  scale.  Approximately  one 
hundred  periodicals  are  published  by  such  institutions  at  least  once 
a  month.  Some  of  these  are  purely  the  product  of  the  student 
body;  a  few  of  them  are  the  product  of  both  students  and  faculty; 
still  others  are  the  publication  of  the  administration  and  faculty, 
and  under  the  supervision  of  a  university  editor.  Many  of  the 
latter  have  developed  to  the  place  where  they  are  national Iv  known. 

23 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


Such  periodicals  as  The  Fisk  University  News.  The  Southern  Work- 
man  (Hampton  Institute),  Howard  University  Record  (quarterly), 
The  Tuskegee  Student  and  The  Atlanta  University  Bulletin  (quarter- 
ly)  are  among  the  best  Negro  publications  in  the  United  States. 

Journalism  This,  however,   is  not  all.     The  training  of 

Courses  at  Negro  journalists  is  being  attempted  through 

Fisk  University  college  courses.     Fisk  University,  Nashville, 

Tenn.,  perhaps,  was  the  first  school  to  give 
such  courses.  Under  the  professorship  of  Isaac  Fisher,  one  of  the 
foremost  Negro  editors  today,  four  courses  in  Journalism  are 
offered.  The  course  as  outlined  in  the  latest  Fisk  University  cata- 
log includes:  (1)  Essentials  in  Newspaper  Technique — a  course 
including  practise  in  writing,  editing,  and  methods  of  presentation; 
(2)  The  Law  of  Journalism — a  study  of  libel,  copyright,  rights 
and  duties  of  the  press  in  reporting  judicial  proceedings,  and  the 
liabilities  of  the  publisher,  editor,  reporter  and  contributor;  (3) 
Ethics  of  Journalism — lectures  discussing  the  proper  responsibil- 
ity to  the  public  on  the  part  of  newspaper  writers;  (4)  Art  of  News- 
paper and  Magazine  Making — a  course  devoted  to  the  studying  of 
actual  work  of  making  a  newspaper  and  magazine,  with  laboratory 
practice  to  supplement  the  theory  studied. 

Professional  What  will  in  all  probabilities  mark  the  real 

Training  beginning  of  professional  training  in  Journal- 

ism among  Negroes  is  the  opening  of  the 
proposed  School  of  Journalism  by  Howard  University,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  Owing  to  a  limitation  of  finances,  unfortunately  the 
school  has  not  yet  been  put  in  operation. 

Proposed  Courses  The  course  as  outlined  in  the  Howard  Uni- 
AT  Howard  Uni-  versity  catalog  is  based  upon  two   years  of 

versity  Journalism  college  work,  including  a  reading  knowledge 
School  of  at   least  two  modern   languages,   and   ad- 

vanced work  in  English  Composition.  The 
professional  work  covers  two  years  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Science  in  Journalism.  The  subjects  offered  are: 
Practice  in  Writing,  Newspaper  Technique,  Newspaper  Editing,  The 
History  of  Journalism,  Advertising,  Journalistic  French,  Journalistic 
German,  Journalistic  Spanish,  Elements  of  Law.  Freehand  and 
Applied  Drawing,  and  certain  college  courses  in  History,  Eco- 
nomics, Sociology,  Literature  and  Politics. 

Journalism  at  While  it  does  not  have  a  separate  department 

Wilberforce  in  Journalism.  Wilberforce  Universitv  offers 

courses   in  journalistic   writing  as  a   part   of 

the  work  in  the  department  of  English.     Three  courses   are  given 

24 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


at   present:     Business   English,   Short   Story  Writing  and   Editorial 
Writing. 

Printing  On   the  mechanical   side  of  newspaper  pub- 

lishing, work  is  offered  in  printing  at  Hanip- 
andton  Institute  (Va.l,  Tuskegee  Institute  (Ala.),  and  Wilberforce 
University  (Ohio).  Many  of  the  present  printer-editors  are  prod- 
ucts of  these  school^. 


CHAPTER  X 
.A  FORECAST  OF  THE  FUTURE 

From  its  small  beginning  in  1827,  Negro  Journalism  has  steadily 
grown  in  the  United  States.  Today  it  stands  as  a  definite  factor 
in  Negro  life.  In  truth,  the  Negro  press  reflects  the  growing  race 
consciousness  of  eleven  million  American  citizens  of  African  decent. 
The  status  of  the  Negro  newspaper  is  fixed — it  is  here  to  stay. 
While  daily  newspapers  may  devote  space  to  "News  of  Interest  to 
Colored  People;"  yet  they  can  never  take  the  place  of  the  news- 
papers which  are  published  solely  for  the  race  group.  The  appeal 
of  the  Negro  newspaper  is  direct  and  racial.  In  a  manner  similar 
to  that  of  the  rural  press,  the  Negro  paper  has  an  unlimited  field 
because  of  its  personal  relationship  to  its  readers. 

During  the  first  half  century  of  Negro  Journalism,  it  is  doubtful 
if  any  of  the  papers  were  financial  successes;  in  truth,  most  of  them 
were  published  as  purely  partisan  or  propagandists  organs,  and 
were  supporte  dthrough  the  contributions  of  sympathizers.  Today 
Negro  newspapers  are  conducted  on  business  principles  and  pay 
reasonable  returns  to  their  investors. 

Papers  in  the  large  cities  have  built  up  enormous  subscription 
lists  of  bona  fide,  paid-up  subscribers.  Likewise,  they  carry  a  large 
amount  of  well-paying  advertisements,  and  as  a  result  of  these 
sources  of  income  they  are  able  to  give  attractive  renumeration 
to  their  publishers,  editorial  staff  and  business  staff.  No  longer 
must  the  Negro  journalist  necessarily  be  an  unpaid  worker. 
Trained  journalists  can  obtain  respectable  salaries  and  find  as  many 
openings  as  their  fellow  workers  on  metropolitan  dailies  and 
national  weeklies  and  monthlies. 

That  the  calibre  of  the  work  done  on  Negro  publications  will 
continue  to  improve  is  highly  probable  in  view  of  the  fact  that 
every  year  an  incieasing  number  of  trained  young  men  and  women 

25 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


are  entering  the  field,  and  bringing  with  them  burning  enthusiasm 
and  high  professional  ideals.  The  Courses  in  Journalism  in  the 
Negro  colleges,  also,  will  soon  be  having  a  telling  effect  on  the 
future  Negro  journalist.  Already  a  few  of  the  twentieth  century 
Negro  youths  are  being  attracted  to  the  professional  study  of  Jour- 
nalism, preferring  the  possibilities  of  its  virgin  field  to  the  over- 
crowded professions  of  law,  teaching,  medicine  and  theology. 

The  future  of  Negro  Journalism  is  limited  only  by  the  zeal  and 
conscientious  effort  which  its  workers  bestir  themselves  to  exert. 
A  marvelous  growth  and  success  has  been  recorded  within  the  past 
95  years,  but  greater  achievement  is  yet  to  be  accomplished.  Negro 
semi-weeklies,  and  eventually  dailies  in  the  larger  cities,  will  un- 
doubtedly be  developed  within  the  next  decade.  The  size  of  many 
of  the  present  weeklies  will  be  increased  of  necessity.  Better  news 
stories  and  more  real  news  will  be  the  result  of  the  successful  func- 
tioning of  such  news  syndicates  as  the  Associated  Negro  Press. 

The  decreasing  of  illiteracy  among  the  Negroes  will 'continue  to 
be  carried  forward  by  the  Negro  press,  with  a  mutual  benefit  to 
the  race  and  its  publications.  Higher  standards  of  literacy  will 
bring  greater  appreciation  for  reading  and  thereby  create  a  stronger 
support  for  the  Negro  publisher. 

In  the  immediate  future,  perhaps,  the  great  field  for  development 
in  Negro  Journalism  is  in  the  South  where  the  great  mass  of  Negro 
population,  despite  the  Northern  immigration,  resides.  There  Negro 
Journalism  needs  and  will  continue  to  need  its  best  trained  editors 
and  managers.  There  it  will  need  men  of  sound  judgment  and 
common  sense;  men  of  purpose  and  high  professional  ideals;  men 
of  broad  sympathy  and  great  patience. 


2(1 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


PARTIAL  LIST  OF  NEWSPAPERS  PUBLISHED  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES 

ALABAMA 

The   Birmingham   Reporter Birmingham 

The    Emancipator Montgomery 

The  Mobile   Forum Mobile 

The    Mobile    Advocate -. Mobile 

The  Mobile  Weekly  Press Mobile 

The    Negro    Leader Uniontown 

The  Times  Plaindealer Birmingham 

The  Voice  of  the  People Birmingham 

The  Voice  of  the  Negro Dothan 

ARKANSAS 

Hot  Springs  Echo Hot  Springs 

Arkansas  Banner Little  Rock 

The  Appreciator-Union Fort  Smith 

The  Negro  Advocate Fordyce 

The    Interstate    Reporter Helena 

The    Opinion-Enterprise Marianna 

Western    Review Little    Rock 

White    River    Advocate Newport 

The   School   Herald Warren 

ARIZONA 

The   Phoenix   Tribune Phoenix 

CALIFORNIA 

The    Eagle Los    Angeles 

The   Liberator Los  Angeles 

The  Citizens  Advocate Los  Angeles 

Oakland    Sunshine Oakland 

The  Western  Outlook Oakland 

The  New  Age Los  Angeles 

The  Western  Review Sacramento 

COLORADO 

Colorado    Statesman Denver 

The  Denver  Advocate Colorado  Springs 

The  Rising  Sun Pueblo 

CONNECTICUT 

Hartford    Herald Hartford 

DISTRICT  OF   COLUMBIA 

The  Washington  Eagle Washington 

The  Washington  Be*e Washington 

27 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


FLORIDA 

Florida    Sentinal Jacksonville 

Labor    Templar Jacksonville 

West    Florida    Bugle , Marianna 

The    Tampa    Bulletin Tampa 

Metropolitan    Tallahasse 

The  Palatka  Advocate Palatka 

The  Colored  Citizen Pensacola 

GEORGIA 

The    Savannah    Journal Savannah 

The   Savannah   Tribune Savannah 

The   Americus   Chronicle Americus 

The  Athens  Clipper Athens 

The  Atlanta  Post Atlanta 

The   Atlanta    Independent Atlanta 

Rome   Enterprise Rome 

The    Advocate Brunswick 

The   Augusta   News Augusta 

Supreme   Circle  News Albany 

ILLINOIS 

Inter-State  Echo Danville 

The   Broad   Axe Chicago 

The    Chicago    Defender Chicago 

The  Chicago  Idea Chicago 

The    Peoples    Advocate Chicago 

The    Searchlight    Chicago 

The   Whip Chicago 

The   Forum    Springfield 

The  Weekly  Star Mound  City 

The    Illinois    Conservator Springfield 

Advance  Citizens    ^  .  Springfield 

INDIANA 

The    Indianapolis    Freeman Indianapolis 

The    Indianapolis    Recorder Indianapolis 

The    Indianapolis   Ledger Indianapolis 

The   Indianapolis  World Indianapolis 

The  Terre  Haute  Citizen Terre  Haute 

National  Defender  and  Sun Gary 

The    Gary    Dispatch Gary 

IOWA 

Iowa  State  Bystander Des  Moines 

Buxton  Gazette Buxton 

KANSAS 

The   Topeka   Plaindealer Topeka 

The  Negro  Star ' Wichita 

Wichita  Protest Wichita 

The    Coffeyville    Globe '.  .  Coffey ville 

Hutchinson    Blade Hutchinson 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


KENTUCKY 

The   Kentucky    Reporter Louisville 

The   Columbian   Herald Louisville 

The    Louisville    News Louisville 

Kentucky    Home   Finder Louisville 

Lexington   Weekly    News Lexington 

The    Torchlight Danville 

Saturday    News Hopkinsville 

The   New  Age Hopkinsville 

LOUISIANA 

The    Advance    Messenger Alexandria 

The    News-Enterprise    Shreveport 

The    Watchman Shreveport 

MARYLAND 

The    Afro- American Baltimore 

The    Crusader Baltimore 

The    Herald-Commonwealth Baltimore 

MASSACHUSETTS 

The   Guardian Boston 

The  Boston  Chronicle Boston 

MICHIGAN 

The  Michigan  Age Ann  Arbor 

The  Detroit  Leader Detroit 

MINNESOTA 

The  National  Advocate Minneapolis 

The    Appeal St.    Paul 

MISSISSIPPI 

The    Cotton    Farmer Scott 

The  Delta  Lighthouse Greenville 

The  Natchez  Weekly  Herald Natchez 

The    National    Star Vicksburg 

The  Star   '. Columbus 

The  Morning  Star Columbus 

The    Mississippi   Monitor Meridan 

The    Light    Vicksburg 

The    New    Era -. Indianola 

The  Weekly  Times Hattiesburg 

The  Weekly  Reporter Natchez 

Central    Mississippi    Signal Kosciusko 

The    Progressive    Torchlight Greenwood 

The  Advance Mound  Bayou 

The   National   Defender Clarksdale 

The  Informer Gulf  port 

The  National  News  Digest Mound  Bayou 

29 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


MISSOURI 

The  St.  Louis  Independent-Clarion St.  Louis 

The  St.  Louis  Argus St.  Louis 

The  Anchor   Caruthersville 

The  Missouri  State  Register Hannibal 

Kansas  City  Sun Kansas  City 

The  National  Mirror Kansas  City 

The  Western  Messenger Jefferson  City 

The  St.  Louis  Independent  News St.  Louis 

NEBRASKA 

The    Monitor Omaha 

NEW   JERSEY 

The  Eastern  Observer Montcl^ir 

The  Echo Red  Bank 

The  Atlantic  Advocate Atlantic   City 

The  New  Jersey  Informer Newark 

NEW   YORK 

The  New  York  News New  York  City 

The  Amsterdam  News New  York  City 

The  New  York  Age New  York  City 

The  Negro  World New  York  City 

The  Commoner New   York  City 

NORTH  CAROLINA 

The  Gate  City  Argus Greensb'oro 

High  Point  Colored  American High  Point 

The   Charlotte   Advertiser Charlotte 

The  Voice Rocky  Mount 

The  Raleigh   Independent Raleigh 

The  Home   News Wilmington 

The    Gazette Charlotte 

Signs  of  the  Times Elizabeth  City 

The    Winston-Salem    News Winston-Salem 

OHIO 

The   Dayton   Forum Dayton 

The    Cleveland    Gazette Cleveland 

The    Cleveland    Advocate Cleveland 

The    Union Cincinnati 

The    Cincinnati    Journal Cincinnati 

OKLAHOMA 

The   Boley   Progress Boley 

The  Oklahoma  Guide Guthrie 

The    Muskogee    Scimetar Muskogee 

Rentiesville  News    Rentiesville 

Clearview    Patriarch Clearview 

The    Tulsa    Star Tulsa 

The    Oklahoma    Sun Tulsa 

The  Black  Dispatch Oklahoma  City 


30 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


OREGON 

The    Advocate Portland 

PENNSYLVANIA 

The    Advocate    Verdict ;  . .  .  Harrisburgh 

The    Philadelphia    Courant Philadelphia 

The    Philadelphia    Tribune Philadelphia 

The   Philadelphia   American Philadelphia 

The   Public  Journal Philadelphia 

The  Pittsburgh  Courier Pittsburgh 

The    Pittsburgh    American Pittsburgh 

The   Advocate Wilkes-Barre 

RHODE  ISLAND 

The  Advance    .  .' Providence 

SOUTH   CAROLINA 

The    Charleston    Messenger Charleston 

The   New   Era Charleston 

The    Allendale    Advocate Allendale 

The  Southern  Indicator Columbia 

The    Informer Columbia 

The    Light ; Columbia 

The    Plowman Columbia 

The    Negro    Chronicle Greenville 

The    People's    Recorder r.Organeburg 

The   Rockhill   Messenger Rockhill 

TENNESSEE 

Bluff    City    News Memphis 

East   Tennessee   News Knoxville 

Chattanooga    Defender Chattanooga 

Memphis    Times Memphis 

The  Western  World   Reporter Memphis 

The  Nashville  Globe Nashville 

The   Nashville    Clarion Nashville 

TEXAS 

Texas    Guide Victoria 

The  Victoria   Guard Victoria 

The  Calvert  Bugle Calvert 

The   City   Times Galveston 

The  Galveston  New  Idea Galveston 

The    Dallas    Express Dallas 

The  Industrial  Era Beaumont 

The  Herald  Austin 

The    Watchman Austin 

The  Houston  Informer Houston 

The    Houston    Observer Houston 

The   Texas   Freeman Houston 

The  Western   Star Houston 

The    Houston    Informer Houston 

Independence    Heights    Record Houston 

The  San  Antonio  Inquirer San  Antonio 

31 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


The  Gem  City  Bulletin Denison 

The   Conservative   Counselor Waco 

Forth   Worth   Hornet Fort   Worth 

VIRGINIA 

The   Charlottesville   Messenger Charlottesville 

The    Colored    Virginian Petersburg 

The    Weekly    Review Petersburg 

The  Richmond   Planet Richmond 

The   Virginia   Headlight Charlottesville 

The  Virginia  Advocate Roanoke 

The  Star Nevi^port  News 

The  Journal  and  Guide Norfolk 

WASHINGTON 

The  Seattle  Searchlight Seattle 

WEST  VIRGINIA 

The    Advocate Charleston 

The    Mountain   Leader .  Charleston 

The   Charleston   Observer Charleston 

The  Pioneer  Press Martinsburg 

WISCONSIN 

The  Wisconsin  Weekly  Blade Madison 


32 


iiiilipiiiiiiiiiiyiiyiyiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 

—LINOTYPE 


MARKO 


Every  important  improvement  in 
methods  of  composition  for  the 
36  years  lias  been  the  result 
of  Linotype  initiative. 

Every  part  of  the  Linotype  is  there 

because  the  machine  is  better  for  it 

and   every  part  fits  into   the   big 

scheme  of  simple  operation.  The 

Linotype  is  the  machine  of  no 

compromise. 

The  illustration  shows  the  Model  21, 

text  and  display  Linotype.  As  many 

as  ten  faces  in  six  different  sizes 

are  immediately  available 

from  the  keyboard. 


This  advertisement  composed  entirely  on  the  Linotype 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


We  represent  at  the  present 
time  in  the  advertising-  field, 
practically  every  paper  of  conse- 
quence reaching  the  Colored  peo- 
ple of  the  United  States. 

We  are  pleased  to  extend  our 
most  cordial  greetings  to  our 
newspaper  friends  and  will  con- 
(tinue  to  extend  the  same  reliable 
service  in  the  future,  we  have 
given  in  the  past. 

W.  B.  ZIFF  CO. 
Per  E.  C.  Auld,  General  Mgr. 


Transportation    Bldg.,         Morton  Bldg.  Bryant  Bldg. 

Chicago,  111.  New  York,  N.  Y.        Kansas   City,   Mo. 


34 


A  History  of  Negro  Journalism 


DePauw  University 

Greencastle,  Indiana 

-OFFERS- 
COURSES  IN— 

Introduction  to  Writing 

News  Writing 

News  Editing 

Editorial  Writing 

Feature  Writing 

Advertising  Writing 

History  of  American  Journalism 

Country  Weekly 

Also 
Business  English 
Write  for  Bulletin 
DIRECTOR 
COURSE   IN  JOURNALISM 


HOWARD    UNIVERSITY 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

Founded  by  GENERAL   O.  O.  HOWARD 

J.   STANLEY   DURKEE,   A.   M.,   Ph.    D.,   D.   D.,   President 

EMMETT   J.   SCOTT,    A.   M.,    LL.    D..    Secretarv-Treasurer 

COLLEGIATE   AND   PROFESSIONAL   SCHOOLS 

Junior    College,    covering    the    Freshman    and    Sophomore    years    and    leading    to    the 

Senior   Schools. 
Senior  Schools,  consisting  of  the  Schools  of  Liberal  Arts,  Education,  Journalism,   and 
Commerce    and    Finance,    granting    respectively    the    degrees,    A.    B.,    or    B.    S., 

A.  B.   or   B.   S.   in   Education ;   B.   S.   in  Journalism ;   B.   S.   in   Commerce  and 
Finance. 

School  of  Applied  Science,  four  year  course,  granting  the  degree,  B.  S.  in  Civil   Engi- 
neering,   B.    S.    in    Electrical    Engineering,    B.    S.    in    Mechanical    Engineering, 

B.  S.     in     Architecture,     B.     S.     in     Agriculture,     and     B.     S.     in     Household 
Economics. 

Evening    Classes.     The   work   of    the   Junior    College    and    the    Senior    Schools    may    be 

taken   in  evening   classes  with  full  credit. 
School  of  Music,   four  year  course,  granting  the  degree  of  Mus.  B. 
School    of    Religion,    three    year    course,    granting    the    degrees    of    B.    D.    and    Th.    B. 

Courses   are   offered   also   by   correspndence. 
School  of   Law,   three  year  course,   granting  the  degree  of   LL.   B. 

School   of    Medicine,    including    Medical,    Dental,    Pharmaceutical    Colleges.     Four    year 
courses  for  Medical  and  Dental  students  ;  three  year  course   for   Pharmaceuti- 
cal students.     Following  degrees  granted:     M.   D.,   D.   D.   S.,   Phar.   C. 
Students   may   enter   for-  collegiate   work   at   the  beginning  of   any   quarter. 
REGISTRATION 

Autumn   Quarter Sept.  29,   30,   1922 

Winter    Quarter Jan.    2,     1923 

Spring    Quarter March    17,    1923 

FOR  CATALOG  AND   INFORMATION  WRITE 

F.   D.   WILKINSON.   Registrar 
HOWARD   UNIVERSITY  WASHINGTON,   D.  C. 


35 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  las.  date  stamped  below. 


.'>  ^W,\<i 


^02319692 

*^'^^-  --'3 1  70 -3PM 

MAR  1  0'  1995 

U.  C.  BJERRa 


RECTO 

LD  21-100m-9,'47(A5702sl6)47 


f 


CD315bTT37 


50780S 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CAUFORNIA  LIBRARY 


